Práctica de automanejo y nivel de dependencia del adulto mayor con enfermedad crónica / Self-Management Practice and Level of Dependence in the Older Adult with a Chronic Disease

Introducción: El automanejo como una conducta saludable y la capacidad física propia de la edad son poco explorados, pero pueden llevar a cambios en el estilo de vida de los adultos mayores que padecen enfermedades crónicas. Objetivo: Caracterizar la relación que existe entre la práctica de automanejo y el nivel de dependencia de adultos mayores con enfermedad crónica. Métodos: Diseño descriptivo correlacional y longitudinal desarrollado en los meses de julio a noviembre de 2020. Se utilizó la población de 105 adultos mayores con enfermedad crónica que forman parte de asociaciones de adultos mayores de Ibagué, Colombia. La medición se realizó con la escala Partners in Health Scale y la capacidad física con el índice de Barthel. Para el análisis se utilizó análisis descriptivo, prueba de correlación de Pearson y un modelo de regresión lineal. Resultados: Las mujeres representaron el 60 % de los participantes y los hombres el 40 por ciento. Se encontraron con enfermedad crónica: hipertensión arterial alta (60,95 por ciento) diabetes mellitus (10,47 por ciento) enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (6,66 por ciento). Dentro de la capacidad de automanejo, la adherencia presentó la mayor puntuación promedio (71,30), la capacidad física se encontraba en la mayoría de los participantes en dependencia leve e independencia, esto llevó a presentar una correlación positiva entre estos dos aspectos. Por cada punto adicional en el test de Barthel aumenta 0,27 el índice de automanejo (p = 0,003). Conclusiones: La práctica de automanejo se encuentra relacionada con la capacidad física que tienen los adultos mayores con enfermedad crónica, en especial lo relacionado al comportamiento de adherencia. Otras enfermedades crónicas presentes fueron la artritis y la insuficiencia renal crónica(AU)

Introduction: Self-management as a healthy behavior and age-specific physical capacity are little explored, but may lead to lifestyle changes in older adults with chronic disease. Objective: To characterize the relationship between self-management practice and the level of dependence in older adults with chronic disease. Methods: Descriptive, correlational and longitudinal study carried out from July to November 2020. The population was made up of 105 older adults with chronic disease who are part of associations of older adults from Ibagué, Colombia. Measurement was done using the Partners in Health scale, while the physical capacity involved the Barthel index. Descriptive analysis, Pearson's correlation test, and a linear regression model were used for the analysis. Results: Women and men represented 60 percent and 40 percent of the participants, respectively. They were found to present chronic diseases: high arterial hypertension (60.95 percent) diabetes mellitus (10.47 percent) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (6.66 percent). Within the self-management capacity, adherence presented the highest average score (71.30), while physical capacity was found in most of the participants in mild dependence and independence; this led to the presence of a positive correlation between these two aspects. For each additional point in the Barthel test, there is an increase of 0.27 in the self-management index (p = 0.003). Conclusions: The practice of self-management is found to be related to the physical capacity of older adults with chronic disease, especially with respect to the adherence behavior. Other chronic diseases were arthritis and chronic renal failure(AU)

Ambient air pollutants relate to hospital admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Ganzhou, China

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship between ambient air pollutants and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in relatively low-polluted areas in China. METHODS Atmospheric pollutants levels and meteorological data were obtained from January 2016 to December 2020. The medical database including daily hospital admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (ICD10: J44) was derived from the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University. The generalized additive model was used to analyze the percentage change with 95% confidence interval in daily hospital admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease associated with a 10 µg/m3 increase in atmospheric pollutants levels. RESULTS In total, occurred 4,980 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospital admissions (not including emergency department visits) during 2016-2020. The mean concentrations of daily PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, O3, and CO were 37.5 μg/m3, 60.1 μg/m3, 18.7 μg/m3, 23.5 μg/m3, 70.0 μg/m3, and 1.2 mg/m3 in Ganzhou. Each 10 µg/m3 increment of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and O3 were significantly associated with 2.8% (95%CI: 1.0-4.7), 1.3% (95%CI: 0.3-2.4), 2.8% (95%CI: 0.4-5.4), and 1.5% (95%CI: 0.2-2.7) elevation in daily chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospital admissions. The estimates of delayed effects of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and O3 were observed at lag6, lag6, lag8, lag1, respectively. The health effects of particulate pollutants (PM2.5 and PM10) may be independent of other pollutants. The adverse effects of air pollutants were more evident in the warm season (May-Oct) than in the cold season (Nov-Apr). CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that elevated concentrations of atmospheric pollutant (PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and O3), especially particulate pollutants, can be associated with increased daily count of hospital admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , which may promote further understanding of the potential hazards of relatively low levels of air pollution on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other respiratory disorders.

Conhecimento sobre doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica em pacientes de diferentes níveis de atividade física / Knowledge about chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients with different levels of physical activity

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar e comparar o nível de conhecimento sobre a doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica em indivíduos ativos, sedentários e severamente inativos. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com indivíduos com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica. Para a coleta de dados, foi utilizada uma ficha de avaliação clínica, o Bristol COPD Knowledge Questionnaire e pedômetros (contador de passos). Foram avaliados 75 indivíduos, 70,7% são severamente inativos. Verificou-se um baixo nível de conhecimento sobre a doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (48,51 ± 9,08%), e constatou que indivíduos ativos, sedentários e severamente inativos apresentam o nível de conhecimento sobre a doença semelhante (50,19 ± 11,18% vs 46,48 ± 8,16% vs 48,79 ± 9,06 %, p=0,68). Conclui-se, portanto, que indivíduos com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica ativos, sedentários e severamente inativos apresentam conhecimento semelhante e reduzido sobre a doença.

The aim of this study was to identify and compare the level of knowledge about chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in active, sedentary and severely inactive individuals. This is a cross-sectional study with individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A clinical evaluation form, the Bristol COPD Knowledge Questionnaire, and pedometers (step counter) were used for data collection. Of the 75 individuals evaluated, 70.7% were severely inactive. There was a low level of knowledge about chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (48.51 ± 9.08%), and it was found that active, sedentary and severely inactive individuals have a similar level of knowledge about the disease (50.19 ± 11.18% vs 46.48 ± 8.16% vs 48.79 ± 9.06%, p=0.68). It is concluded, therefore, that individuals with active, sedentary and severely inactive chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have similar and reduced knowledge about the disease.

Role of genetic susceptibility in nicotine addiction and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Abstract Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries. Although cigarette smoking is the major risk factor, only 10-20% of smokers develop COPD. The extent of cigarette smoking (pack-years and smoking duration) accounts for only 15% of the variation in lung function, indicating that differences in susceptibility to COPD must exist. We provide an overview of the complexity of nicotine addiction and COPD, with special attention to the involvement of genetic factors. The following aspects are discussed in the present article: (1) epidemiology in Mexico and (2) a review of the published literature on genetic association studies using the National Center for Biotechnology Information database of the United States as a search tool. COPD is unique among complex genetic diseases where an environmental risk factor is known and the level of exposure can be documented with some precision. The high morbidity and mortality associated with COPD and its chronic and progressive nature has prompted the use of molecular genetic studies to identify susceptibility factors for the disease. Biomedical research has a remarkable set of tools to aid in the discovery of genes and polymorphisms. We present a review of the most relevant genetic associations in nicotine addiction and COPD.

Small airway disease in COPD associated to biomass exposure

Abstract Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex and heterogeneous entity that may result from different causative agents and risk factors and may follow diverse clinical courses, including COPD secondary to biomass smoke exposure. At present, this phenotype is becoming more important for two reasons: first, because at least almost half of the world’s population is exposed to biomass smoke, and second, because the possibility of it being diagnosed is increasing. Biomass smoke exposure COPD affects primarily women and is related with insults to the airways occurred during early life. Although constituents of biomass smoke and tobacco smoke are similar, the physiopathological changes they induce differ depending not only on the chemical composition (related with the type of fuel used) but also on the particle size and the inhalation pattern. Evidence has shown that biomass smoke exposure affects the airway, predominantly the small airways causing anthracofibrosis and peribronchiolar fibrosis changes that will clinically translate into chronic bronchitis symptoms, with a high impact on the quality of life. In this review, we focus especially on the main epidemiological and clinical differences between COPD secondary to biomass exposure and COPD caused by tobacco exposure.

Biomass smoke COPD has less tomographic abnormalities but worse hypoxemia compared with tobacco COPD

Special attention has emerged towards biomass smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), providing new knowledge for prevention and therapeutic approach of non-smoker COPD patients. However, the understanding of biomass smoke COPD is still limited and somewhat controversial. The aim of the present study was to compare COPD exclusively caused by tobacco smoking with COPD exclusively caused by environmental or occupational exposures. For this cross-sectional study, COPD patients were recruited from outpatient clinics and formed two groups: non-smoker COPD group (n=16) with exposure to biomass smoke who did not smoke cigarette and tobacco smoker COPD group (n=15) with people who did not report biomass smoke exposure. Subjects underwent pulmonary function tests, thoracic high-resolution computed tomography, 6-min walk test, and sputum induction. The non-smoker COPD group had biomass smoke exposure of 133.3±86 hour-years. The tobacco COPD group smoked 48.5±27.4 pack-years. Women were 62.5 and 66.7%, respectively, of non-smokers and smokers. The non-smoker COPD group showed higher prevalence of dyspnea, lower arterial oxygen tension (PaO2), and lower arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2%) with similar spirometry results, lung volumes, and diffusion capacity. Regarding inflammatory biomarkers, differences were detected in sputum number of lymphomononuclear cells and in sputum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 with higher values in the smoker group. Emphysema was more prevalent in the tobacco smoker group, which also showed higher relative bronchial wall thickness and lower lung density by quantitative analysis. Biomass smoke induced more hypoxemia compared to tobacco in COPD patients with similar severity.

Update on the approach to smoking in patients with respiratory diseases / Atualização na abordagem do tabagismo em pacientes com doenças respiratórias

ABSTRACT Smoking is the leading cause of respiratory disease (RD). The harmful effects of smoking on the respiratory system begin in utero and influence immune responses throughout childhood and adult life. In comparison with "healthy" smokers, smokers with RD have peculiarities that can impede smoking cessation, such as a higher level of nicotine dependence; nicotine withdrawal; higher levels of exhaled carbon monoxide; low motivation and low self-efficacy; greater concern about weight gain; and a high prevalence of anxiety and depression. In addition, they require more intensive, prolonged treatment. It is always necessary to educate such individuals about the fact that quitting smoking is the only measure that will reduce the progression of RD and improve their quality of life, regardless of the duration and severity of the disease. Physicians should always offer smoking cessation treatment. Outpatient or inpatient smoking cessation treatment should be multidisciplinary, based on behavioral interventions and pharmacotherapy. It will thus be more effective and cost-effective, doubling the chances of success.

RESUMO O tabagismo é o maior responsável pelas doenças respiratórias (DR). Os efeitos nocivos do tabaco sobre o aparelho respiratório se iniciam ainda intraútero e influenciam as respostas imunológicas ao longo da infância e vida adulta. Os tabagistas com DR possuem peculiaridades que podem dificultar a cessação tabágica, tais como maior grau de dependência e de abstinência de nicotina; níveis mais elevados de monóxido de carbono exalado; motivação e autoeficácia baixas; maior preocupação com ganho ponderal; e elevada prevalência de ansiedade e depressão. Além disso, requerem tratamento mais intensivo e prolongado. É necessário esclarecer sempre o paciente sobre o fato de que parar de fumar será a única medida que irá reduzir a progressão das DR e melhorar sua qualidade de vida, independentemente do tempo e da gravidade da doença. Os médicos devem sempre oferecer o tratamento de cessação tabágica. O tratamento ambulatorial ou hospitalar deve ser multidisciplinar, baseado em intervenções comportamentais e farmacoterapia, sendo eficaz e custo-efetivo, dobrando as chances de sucesso.

Prevalence of smoking and reasons for continuing to smoke: a population-based study / Prevalência de tabagismo e motivos para continuar a fumar: estudo de base populacional

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the prevalence of smoking and the reasons for continuing to smoke among adults in Brazil. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, population-based study including 1,054 individuals ≥ 40 years of age, residents of the city of Florianopolis, Brazil, of whom 183 were smokers. All of the smokers completed the University of São Paulo Reasons for Smoking Scale (USP-RSS). Depressive symptoms were evaluated with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and spirometry was performed to screen for COPD. Results: Of the 183 smokers, 105 (57.4%) were female, 138 (75.4%) were White, and 125 (63.8%) were in a low economic class. The mean level of education among the smokers was 9.6 ± 6.1 years. The mean smoking history was 29 ± 15 pack-years, 59% of the men having a ≥ 30 pack-year smoking history. Approximately 20% of the smokers had COPD, and 29% had depressive symptoms, which were more common in the women. The USP-RSS scores were highest for the pleasure of smoking (PS), tension reduction (TR), and physical dependence (PD) domains (3.9 ± 1.1, 3.6 ± 1.2, and 3.5 ± 1.3, respectively). Scores for the PS, TR, and weight control (WC) domains were significantly higher in women. Smokers with a > 20 pack-year smoking history scored significantly higher on the PD, PS, automatism, and close association (CA) domains. Smoking history was associated with the PD, PS, TR, and CA domains. Depressive symptoms were associated with the PD, social smoking, and CA domains (p = 0.001; p = 0.01; p = 0.09, respectively). Female gender and a low level of education were associated with the PS domain (p = 0.04) and TR domain (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The prevalence of smoking in our sample was relatively high (17.4%). The USP-RSS domains PS, TR, and WC explain why individuals continue smoking, as do depressive symptoms.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar a prevalência de tabagismo e as razões para continuar a fumar em adultos no Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal de base populacional com 1.054 indivíduos com idade ≥ 40 anos residentes em Florianópolis (SC), dos quais 183 eram tabagistas. Todos os fumantes preencheram a Escala Razões para Fumar da Universidade de São Paulo (ERF-USP). Os sintomas de depressão foram avaliados por meio da Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, e a presença ou ausência de DPOC foi determinada por meio de espirometria. Resultados: Dos 183 fumantes, 105 (57,4%) eram do sexo feminino, 138 (75,4%) eram brancos e 125 (63,8%) pertenciam a uma classe econômica baixa. A média de escolaridade entre os fumantes foi de 9,6 ± 6,1 anos. A média de carga tabágica foi de 29 ± 15 anos-maço, e 59% dos homens apresentavam carga tabágica ≥ 30 anos-maço. Aproximadamente 20% dos fumantes apresentavam DPOC, e 29% apresentavam sintomas de depressão, mais comuns entre as mulheres. A pontuação obtida na ERF-USP foi maior nos domínios prazer de fumar (PF), redução da tensão (RT) e dependência física (DF): 3,9 ± 1,1; 3,6 ± 1,2 e 3,5 ± 1,3, respectivamente. A pontuação obtida nos domínios PF, RT e controle de peso (CP) foi significativamente maior entre as mulheres. Fumantes com carga tabágica > 20 anos-maço obtiveram pontuação significativamente maior nos domínios DF, PF, automatismo e associação estreita (AE). A carga tabágica relacionou-se com os domínios DF, PF, RT e AE. Sintomas de depressão relacionaram-se com os domínios DF, tabagismo social e AE (p = 0,001; p = 0,01; p = 0,09, respectivamente). Sexo feminino e baixa escolaridade relacionaram-se com os domínios PF (p = 0,04) e RT (p < 0,001). Conclusões: A prevalência de tabagismo em nossa amostra foi relativamente alta (17,4%). Os domínios PF, RT e CP da ERF-USP, bem como os sintomas de depressão, explicam por que os indivíduos continuam a fumar.

Características de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica por consumo de tabaco en pacientes de servicios de neumología de Lima y Callao / Characteristics of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease due to tobacco consumption in pneumology patients in lima and callao

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue describir las características clínicas de pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC), atendidos en los servicios de Neumología de centros especializados de Lima y Callao. Se realizó un estudio transversal en 196 pacientes, con una mediana de edad de 69 años, rango intercuartil 63-75 años. El 31,1 % de los pacientes se encontró en el grupo GOLD 1/leve (VEF1 ≥80 %), el 41,8 % en el grupo GOLD 2/moderado (50 %≤VEF1<80 %), el 22,5 % en el grupo GOLD 3/severo (30 %≤VEF1<50 %), y el 4,6 % en el grupo GOLD 4/muy severo (VEF1 <30 %). El 93,9 % usaba algún tipo de medicación para EPOC, la terapia más usada fue la combinación de beta agonistas de acción larga/corticoides inhalados (LABA/ICS) con 31,1 %. Se ha obtenido una primera caracterización de pacientes con EPOC atendidos en estos centros. Es imprescindible complementar lo encontrado con estudios longitudinales.

ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to describe the clinical characteristics of patients with COPD receiving treatment at the pneumology units of specialized care centers in Lima and Callao. A cross-sectional study was performed on 196 patients, with a mean age of 69 years, interquartile range of 63-75 years. Of these patients, 31.1% was classified in the GOLD 1/ mild group (FEV1 ≥80%); 41.8% in the GOLD 2/moderate group (50%≤FEV1<80%); 22.5% in the GOLD 3/severe group (30%≤FEV1<50%), and 4.6% in the GOLD 4/very severe group (FEV1 <30%). A 93.9% of patients used some type of medication for COPD. The most-frequently used therapy was the combination of long-acting beta agonists and inhaled corticosteroids (LABA/ICS) (31.1%). A preliminary characterization has been obtained for COPD patients treated in these centers, but it is essential to complement these findings with longitudinal studies.

Preditores da doença arterial coronariana obstrutiva em edema agudo de pulmão de origem não definida / Preditors of coronary obstructive disease in acute pulmonary edema of unclear origin

Background: Cardiogenic Acute Pulmonary Edema (APE) is considered one of the main medical emergencies, and it is the extreme manifestation of acute heart failure. The main etiology of heart failure is ischemic heart disease. To date, the definition of ischemic etiology in acute pulmonary edema was based on criteria such as: clinical history of ischemic heart disease, noninvasive examinations and, in other patients, coronary angiography. Classified as such, ischemic heart disease has been shown to be its main etiology. The high prevalence between these two diseases was evaluated, but not by the exclusive angiographic criterion, the gold standard of this pathology and the reason of this study. Objective: To evaluate the predictors of obstructive coronary artery disease in patients with acute pulmonary edema of unclear origin. Method: Patients admitted to a cardiovascular disease referral emergency unit were recruited to undergo coronary angiography if the acute pulmonary edema etiology was not adequately elucidated. Obstructive coronary disease was considered if at least one epicardial vessel had 70% of occlusion. Results: Obstructive coronary disease was classified by coronary angiography in 149 consecutively evaluated patients, and coronary artery obstruction was the outcome variable of the predictor model. Among the variables related to coronary disease, the predictor variables were the history of coronary artery disease (p < 0.001) and myocardium segmental deficit at the echocardiogram (p < 0.02). Conclusion: The antecedent of coronary disease and the myocardium segmental deficit at the echocardiogram were able to discriminate patients with acute pulmonary edema associated with obstructive coronary disease. Troponin values classified by two cardiologists as secondary to an acute non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, and chest pain preceding the clinical picture were not able to discriminate patients with or without coronary obstruction and thus, the diagnosis of obstructive coronary disease should not be pursued based on the troponin value and/or chest pain preceding the clinical picture

Fundamento: O Edema Agudo de Pulmão cardiogênico é considerado uma das maiores emergências médicas, é a manifestação extrema da insuficiência cardíaca aguda. A principal etiologia da insuficiência cardíaca é a cardiopatia isquêmica. Até o momento, a definição da etiologia isquêmica no edema agudo de pulmão foi baseada em critérios como: história clínica de doença cardíaca isquêmica, exames não invasivos e, em outros pacientes, na cinecoronariografia. Desta forma classificada, a doença isquêmica do coração demonstrou ser sua principal etiologia. A alta prevalência entre estas duas doenças foi avaliada, mas não pelo critério angiográfico exclusivo, o padrão-ouro desta patologia, a razão deste estudo. Objetivo: Avaliar os preditores da doença arterial coronária obstrutiva nos portadores de Edema Agudo de Pulmão de origem claramente não definida. Método: Pacientes admitidos em um pronto-socorro de referência no tratamento das doenças cardiovasculares foram recrutados a realizar a coronariografia se a etiologia do edema agudo de pulmão não era devidamente esclarecida. A doença coronária obstrutiva foi considerada se ao menos um vaso epicádico tivesse oclusão = 70%. Resultados: A doença coronária obstrutiva foi classificada pela cinecoronariografia em 149 pacientes consecutivamente avaliados, a obstrução da artéria coronária foi a variável desfecho do modelo preditor. Dentre as variáveis relacionadas a doença coronária, as variáveis preditoras foram a história de doença da artéria coronária (p < 0,001) e o déficit segmentar do miocárdio ao ecocardiograma (p < 0,02). Conclusão: O antecedente de doença coronariana e o déficit segmentar do miocárdio ao ecocardiograma foram capazes de discriminar pacientes com edema agudo de pulmão associado a doença coronária obstrutiva. Valores da troponina classificados por dois cardiologistas como secundário a um infarto agudo do miocárdio sem elevação do segmento ST a e a dor torácica antecedendo o quadro não foram capazes de discriminar doentes com ou sem obstrução coronária, logo, o diagnóstico de doença coronária obstrutiva não deve ser perseguido baseado no valor da troponina e ou dor torácica antecedendo o quadro

The Impact of Tobacco and Occupational Exposure on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in a 70 and over Jamaican Cohort from the Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (Jamaica) Study / Impacto del Tabaco y la Exposición Ocupacional en la Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica en una Cohorte Jamaicana de 70 ó Más Años de Edad del Estudio de la Carga de la Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva (Jamaica)

ABSTRACT Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic respiratory disease predominantly affecting the older population. Not well known, COPD is often confused with asthma. Tobacco smoking is widely acknowledged as the most important risk factor for COPD, but occupational exposures from irritant dust, fumes and, biomass exposures from burning wood and coal indoors, also contribute to COPD prevalence. This paper looks at COPD prevalence and occupational exposures in adults aged 70+ using data from the United Kingdom-based Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) study in Jamaica (www.boldstudy.org). Subject and Method: Jamaica followed a strict BOLD protocol of face to face standardized questionnaire administration and spirometry testing on participants aged ≥ 40 years. Questions included sociodemographic characteristics, smoking practices, respiratory symptoms and occupational exposures. The Occupational questionnaire enquired about time spent in thirteen different occupations including farming, construction, firefighting, domestic and industrial cleaning, welding, coal mining, flour, feed or grain milling to mention a few. Spirometry was performed according to American Thoracic Society (ATS) standards. An island-wide multi-stage random sample of non-institutionalized individuals was selected for recruitment with the assistance of the Statistical Institute of Jamaica (STATIN). All questionnaires and spirometry data from consenting participants were submitted electronically to the United Kingdom Coordinating Centre for data cleaning, quality checks and preliminary analysis. Final data were returned to the local research team for further analysis. Result: Total sample selected for recruitment (and response rate) was 883 (91.4%) for persons aged ≥ 40 years and 190 (87.2%) for persons aged 70+ years. Of the 164 responders in the 70+ group, 91 (55.5%) had usable spirometry. Prevalence of ever-smoking by age and gender in this 70+ cohort was 38.4%. Farming, construction and household cleaning were the most frequently reported occupations (58.8%). Years working in these three occupations ranged from 1-70 (farming and construction) and 1-78 (cleaning). Most were now retired (120 of 164 overall). Weighted estimated population prevalence of Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) Stage 1 (Post-BD FEV1/FVC < 70%; FEV1 ≥ 80% predicted) was 12.1% overall for persons aged 40+, but was highest at 37.8% in the 70+ age group. Estimated prevalence of GOLD Stage 2 (50 ≤ FEV1 < 80% predicted) was 9.6% in the 40+, again highest at 31.3% in the 70+ age group. Conclusion: Overall prevalence of COPD in the 40+ age group whether Stage 1 (mild COPD), or Stage 2 (moderate COPD), while it appears low, was still highest in the 70+ age group. The local data revealed that whilst the prevalence of current smoking had declined by age 70+, the estimated prevalence of GOLD Stage 1 and Stage 2 COPD was highest in this age group. The contribution of occupational exposures to the development of COPD, requires further analysis to look at the occupational exposures across all participants aged 40+ as well as the prevalence of COPD among non-smokers. Progression of Stage 1 to Stage 2 disease and its effect on morbidity and quality of life is likely without patient education regarding complications of tobacco smoke and workplace exposures to the development of COPD.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) es una enfermedad respiratoria crónica que afecta predominantemente a la población de personas mayores. Como no se la conoce bien, la EPOC se confunde a menudo con el asma. El tabaquismo es ampliamente reconocido como el factor de riesgo más importante de la EPOC, pero las exposiciones profesionales a polvos irritantes, humos y gases, así como las exposiciones a la biomasa de leña y carbón en espacios cerrados, contribuyen a la prevalencia de la EPOC. El presente trabajo examina la prevalencia de la EPOC y las exposiciones ocupacionales en adultos de 70+ años, utilizando en Jamaica datos del estudio de la Carga de la Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva (BOLD, en inglés) con base en el Reino Unido (www.boldstudy.org). Sujetos y método: Jamaica siguió un estricto protocolo de BOLD consistente en administrar cara a cara cuestionarios estandarizados y pruebas de espirometría a participantes de ≥ 40 años de edad. Las preguntas incluyeron características sociodemográficas, prácticas de tabaquismo, síntomas respiratorios y exposiciones ocupacionales. El cuestionario ocupacional indagó sobre el tiempo transcurrido en trece ocupaciones diferentes, incluyendo trabajo en el campo (agricultura, cría de animales) construcción, extinción de incendios, limpieza doméstica e industrial, soldadura, minería de carbón, y molienda de harina, piensos o granos, por mencionar algunas. La espirometría se realizó de acuerdo con las normas de la Sociedad Torácica Americana (STA). Se seleccionó una muestra aleatoria multietapa de todo el país -formada por individuos no institucionalizados— para el reclutamiento con la ayuda del Instituto Estadístico de Jamaica (STATIN, en inglés). Todos los cuestionarios y datos de espirometría de los participantes consintientes fueron enviados electrónicamente al Centro Coordinador del Reino Unido para la depuración de datos, chequeo de calidad y análisis preliminar. Los datos finales fueron devueltos al equipo de investigación local para su posterior análisis. Resultado: La muestra total seleccionada para el reclutamiento (y la tasa de respuesta) fue de 883 (91.4%) para las personas de ≥ 40 años y 190 (87.2%) para las personas de 70+ años. De los 164 encuestados en grupo de 70+ años, 91 (55.5%) tenían espirometría utilizable. La prevalencia de fumar ocasionalmente por edad y sexo en esta cohorte de 70+ fue de 38.4%. El trabajo en el campo (agricultura, cría de animales), la construcción y la limpieza doméstica fueron las ocupaciones más frecuentemente reportadas (58.8%). Los años de trabajo en estas tres ocupaciones oscilaron entre 1-70 (trabajo en el campo y construcción), y 1-78 (limpieza). La mayoría estaban ahora retirados (120 de 164 en total). La prevalencia ponderada estimada de la población de la Iniciativa Global para la Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica (GOLD, en inglés) Etapa 1 (post-BD FEV1/FVC < 70%; FEV1 ≥ 80% valor teórico) fue de 12.1% en total para las personas de 40+, pero las más alta fue 37.8% en el grupo de 70+ años. La prevalencia estimada de GOLD Etapa 2 (50 ≤ FEV1 < 80% valor teórico) fue de 9.6% en los de 40+, y de nuevo 31.3% la más alta en el grupo de 70+ años de edad. Conclusión: La prevalencia general de la EPOC en el grupo de 40+ años, ya fuera en la etapa 1 (EPOC leve), o la etapa 2 (EPOC moderada), aunque pareciera baja, seguía siendo más alta en el grupo de 70+ años. Los datos locales revelaron que si bien la prevalencia de fumar regularmente había disminuido a la edad de 70+, la prevalencia estimada de EPOC en GOLD Etapa 1 y Etapa 2 fue mayor en este grupo etario. La contribución de las exposiciones ocupacionales al desarrollo de la EPOC requiere un análisis adicional para examinar las exposiciones ocupacionales en todos los participantes de 40+ años. así como la prevalencia de la EPOC entre los no fumadores. La progresión de la enfermedad de la etapa 1 a la etapa 2 y su efecto sobre la morbilidad y la calidad de vida es probable que tenga lugar si no hay educación del paciente con respecto a las complicaciones que el humo del tabaco y las exposiciones en el centro de trabajo tienen para el desarrollo de la EPOC.

Enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) y tabaquismo / Chronic obstructive pulmonary diisease (COPD) and smoking

Se describe cómo el consumo de tabaco produce la Enfermedad Obstructiva Pulmonar (EPOC), y su repercusión en la salud pública. Se explica la fisiopatología, la clínica, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de esta enfermedad prevenible.

It describes how the consumption of tobacco causes Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and its impact on public health. Pathophysiology, clinical, diagnosis and treatment of this preventable disease is explained.

Fatores associados à Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica em idosos / Factors associated with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease among the elderly

Resumo Este estudo objetivou identificar os fatores associados à Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (DPOC) em idosos não institucionalizados. Trata-se de um estudo transversal conduzido a partir de inquérito domiciliar, seguido de espirometria. Pessoas com diagnóstico de DPOC foram comparadas com outras com espirometria normal, por meio de análises bivariadas seguidas de análise de regressão multivariada. Foram identificados 53 idosos com DPOC. Após análise multivariada, foram identificados os seguintes fatores associado à DPOC: tabagismo pregresso ou atual (OR:3,74; IC95%:1,65-8,46), presença de catarro como sintoma respiratório (OR:4,92; IC95%:2,03-11,95), oximetria de pulso em repouso ≤ 90% (OR:8,74; IC95%:1,27-60,07) e autorrelato de asma (OR:3,41; IC95%:1,01-11,57). Os resultados revelam fatores associados que destacam a necessidade de revisão dos critérios de seleção dos pacientes de risco para DPOC entre idosos.

Abstract This study aimed to identify factors associated with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) among non-institutionalized elderly people. It involved a cross-sectional study conducted on the basis of a household survey, followed by spirometry. People diagnosed with COPD were compared with those with normal spirometry, through bivariate analysis, followed by multivariate regression analysis. We identified 53 elderly people were identified with COPD. After multivariate analysis, the following factors associated with COPD were identified: past or current smoking (OR: 3.74; 95% CI: 1.65-8.46), presence of chronic sputum (OR: 4.92; 95% CI: 2.03-11.95), pulse oximetry at rest ≤ 90% (OR: 8.74; 95%CI: 1.27-60.07), self-reported asthma (OR: 3.41; 95% CI: 1.01-11.57). The results reveal associated factors that highlight the need to review the selection criteria for patients at risk of COPD among the elderly.

Predictores clínicos y funcionales del riesgo de cáncer pulmonar en el seguimiento de una cohorte de adultos fumadores / Risk factors for the development of lung cancer in a cohort of adult smokers

Background: Identifying risk factors for lung cancer in the population could improve the cost-effectiveness of early detection programs using thoracic computed tomography (CT). Aim: To examine the risk factors of lung cancer in a cohort of adult smokers. Patients and Methods: An annual clinical and respiratory functional assessment, chest computed tomography for three years and clinical follow up for five years was carried out in 270 patients aged 65 ± 9 years, 55% males, active or former smokers of 10 or more pack-years. Results: Thirty seven percent of patients were active smokers, consuming 37 ± 26 packs/year, 85% had comorbidities, especially chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (66%), hypertension (48%), diabetes (22%) and dyslipidemia (42%). Thirteen percent of patients had family history of lung cancer. Twenty-one cases of lung cancer were detected in the five years follow up, especially squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. In the univariate analysis, the main risk factors for lung cancer identified were an age older than 60 years, history of COPD, family history of lung cancer, active smoking, tobacco consumption more than 30 pack/year and lung hyperinflation. In multivariate analysis, the three independent risk factors for lung cancer were a family history of lung cancer, active smoking and the number of packs per year of tobacco consumption. Conclusions: The identification of risk groups probably will improve the performance of programs for early detection of lung cancer.

Smoking control: challenges and achievements / Controle do tabagismo: desafios e conquistas

ABSTRACT Smoking is the most preventable and controllable health risk. Therefore, all health care professionals should give their utmost attention to and be more focused on the problem of smoking. Tobacco is a highly profitable product, because of its large-scale production and great number of consumers. Smoking control policies and treatment resources for smoking cessation have advanced in recent years, showing highly satisfactory results, particularly in Brazil. However, there is yet a long way to go before smoking can be considered a controlled disease from a public health standpoint. We can already perceive that the behavior of our society regarding smoking is changing, albeit slowly. Therefore, pulmonologists have a very promising area in which to work with their patients and the general population. We must act with greater impetus in support of health care policies and social living standards that directly contribute to improving health and quality of life. In this respect, pulmonologists can play a greater role as they get more involved in treating smokers, strengthening anti-smoking laws, and demanding health care policies related to lung diseases.

RESUMO O tabagismo é o fator de risco mais prevenível e controlável em saúde e, por isso, precisa ter a máxima atenção e ser muito mais enfocado por todos os profissionais da saúde. O tabaco é um produto de alta rentabilidade pela sua grande produção e pelo elevado número de consumidores. As políticas de controle e os recursos terapêuticos para o tabagismo avançaram muito nos últimos anos e têm mostrado resultados altamente satisfatórios, particularmente no Brasil. Entretanto, ainda resta um longo caminho a ser percorrido para que se possa considerar o tabagismo como uma doença controlada sob o ponto de vista da saúde pública. Já se observam modificações do comportamento da sociedade com relação ao tabagismo, mas ainda em escala muito lenta, de modo que os pneumologistas têm nesse setor um campo muito promissor para atuar junto a seus pacientes e a população em geral. É preciso atuar com maior ímpeto em prol das políticas de saúde e das normas de convívio social que contribuem diretamente para melhorar a saúde e a vida. Nesse aspecto, os pneumologistas podem ter um papel de maior destaque na medida em que se envolvam com o tratamento dos fumantes, a aplicação da lei antifumo e as políticas de saúde relacionadas às doenças respiratórias.

Association between physical activity in daily life and pulmonary function in adult smokers / Associação entre o nível de atividade física na vida diária e a função pulmonar em tabagistas adultos

Objective: To determine whether the level of physical activity in daily life (PADL) is associated with pulmonary function in adult smokers. Methods: We selected 62 adult smokers from among the participants of an epidemiological study conducted in the city of Santos, Brazil. The subjects underwent forced spirometry for pulmonary function assessment. The level of PADL was assessed by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and triaxial accelerometry, the device being used for seven days. The minimum level of PADL, in terms of quantity and intensity, was defined as 150 min/week of moderate to vigorous physical activity. Correlations between the studied variables were tested with Pearson's or Spearman's correlation coefficient, depending on the distribution of the variables. We used linear multiple regression in order to analyze the influence of PADL on the spirometric variables. The level of significance was set at 5%. Results: Evaluating all predictors, corrected for confounding factors, and using pulmonary function data as outcome variables, we found no significant associations between physical inactivity, as determined by accelerometry, and spirometric indices. The values for FVC were lower among the participants with arterial hypertension, and FEV1/FVC ratios were lower among those with diabetes mellitus. Obese participants and those with dyslipidemia presented with lower values for FVC and FEV1. Conclusions: Our results suggest that there is no consistent association between physical inactivity and pulmonary function in adult smokers. Smoking history should be given special attention in COPD prevention strategies, as should cardiovascular and metabolic comorbidities.

Objetivo: Determinar se há associações entre o nível de atividade física na vida diária (AFVD) e a função pulmonar em tabagistas adultos. Métodos: Foram selecionados 62 tabagistas adultos de um estudo epidemiológico, realizado na cidade de Santos (SP). Os participantes realizaram o teste de espirometria forçada para a avaliação da função pulmonar. O nível de AFVD foi avaliado pelo Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física e por acelerometria triaxial (aparelho utilizado por sete dias). O nível mínimo de AFVD, em termos de quantidade e intensidade, foi definido como 150 min/semana de atividade física moderada a vigorosa durante o monitoramento. As correlações entre as variáveis estudadas foram avaliadas pelo coeficiente de correlação de Pearson ou de Spearman conforme a distribuição das variáveis. A influência de AFVD nas variáveis espirométricas foi avaliada por meio de análise de regressão múltipla linear. O nível de significância foi estipulado em 5%. Resultados: Quando avaliados todos os preditores corrigidos para fatores de confusão e utilizando dados da função pulmonar como variáveis de desfecho, não foram observadas associações significativas entre a inatividade física avaliada por acelerometria e os índices espirométricos. As análises mostraram valores inferiores da CVF em participantes com hipertensão arterial e da relação VEF1/CVF nos participantes com diabetes mellitus. Os participantes obesos e os dislipidêmicos apresentaram valores inferiores de CVF e VEF1. Conclusões: Nossos resultados sugerem que a inatividade física apresenta associação pouco consistente com a função pulmonar de tabagistas adultos. A carga tabágica, assim como comorbidades cardiovasculares e metabólicas, deveriam ser priorizadas em estratégias preventivas da DPOC.

Cirugía de cáncer de pulmón en combinación con cirugía reductora de volumen / Lung cancer surgery in combination with volume-reducing surgery

En cirugía torácica la evaluación de un paciente con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica muy grave constituye un reto para el equipo quirúrgico, dado que los resultados espirométricos pueden contraindicar la intervención. Este reporte de caso describe los criterios seguidos para definir las intervenciones quirúrgicas; la estrategia asumida por el grupo de tórax; el manejo anestésico y la evolución posterior del paciente, al cual se le realizó cirugía reductora del volumen pulmonar, con abordaje unilateral inicial en lóbulo superior derecho y cirugía definitiva al mes, con toracotomía posterolateral izquierda ulterior para resecar un tumor de Pancoast. Se evidenció disminución de la disnea e incremento gradual en la capacidad física después de cada proceder quirúrgico. El volumen espiratorio forzado en el primer segundo con relación a los valores predichos mejoró, de 25 por ciento a 38 por ciento, después de la cirugía y 41 por ciento a los seis meses. El índice de Tiffeneau varió de 0,43 a 0,57 y 0,60 después de dos cirugías torácicas. Como única complicación el paciente presentó dolor torácico crónico para el cual mantiene tratamiento médico. Se concluye que la realización de cirugía reductora del volumen pulmonar es una alternativa a evaluar en pacientes que presenten neoplasia de pulmón y enfisema pulmonar bulloso. El enfoque multidisciplinario perioperatorio es un pilar fundamental para lograr resultados satisfactorios(AU)

In thoracic surgery, assessing a patient with very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a challenge for the surgical team, since spirometric results may contraindicate the intervention. This case report describes the criteria used to define surgical interventions, the strategy assumed by the thorax group, the anesthetic management and subsequent evolution of the patient, who underwent lung volume reduction surgery, with an initial unilateral approach in the right upper lobe and final surgery a month later, with posterior left posterolateral thoracotomy to resect a Pancoast tumor. There was a decrease in dyspnea and a gradual increase in physical capacity after each surgical procedure. The forced expiratory volume in the first second in relation to the predicted values improved from 25 percent to 38 percent after surgery, and 41 percent six months later. Tiffeneau index varied from 0.43 to 0.57 and 0.60 after two thoracic surgeries. As a single complication, the patient presented chronic chest pain for which he maintains medical treatment. It is concluded that the performance of pulmonary volume reduction surgery is an alternative to gauge in patients with lung cancer and bullous pulmonary emphysema. The multidisciplinary perioperative approach is a fundamental pillar to achieve satisfactory results(AU)